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Kumkum Bhagya Episode 1156
Kumkum Bhagya Episode 1156
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Radiotherapy,
also called radiation therapy, is the treatment of cancer and other diseases
with ionizing radiation.” Ionizing radiation deposits energy that destroys
cells in the area being treated by damaging their genetic material, making it
impossible for these cells to continue to grow. Although radiations damage both
cancer cells and normal cells, but the normal cells are able to repair
themselves and function properly again.
The aim
of radiation therapy is to spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs which
radiation must pass through in order to treat the tumor) and cause as much
damage as it can to the cancerous cells. For this purpose radiation beams are
shaped and are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor,
providing a much larger absorbed
dose at the
target than in the surrounding healthy tissue.
It is also common to combine radiation therapy
with surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy or some
mixture of the four.
Usually
there are two types of radiation therapy. The first, and most common type is
external beam radiotherapy, and the second one is known as internal
radiotherapy, or brachytherapy. The external beam radiotherapy is carried out
using x-rays, gamma rays, and particle beams, including electron beam, or proton beams. This is always the
choice of physicist to select the most appropriate beam according to the need
of the treatment. Physicists must know the detail characteristics of all the
beams used for such treatment, including their attenuation properties,
percentage depth dose, and other Dosimetric parameters.
Usually
Cobalt-60 and linear accelerators are used for external beam radiotherapy. In
cobalt-60 (which is most common in various cancer hospitals in Pakistan), gamma
rays are used to treat the malignant tumors. These rays give a gamma beam of
average energy 1.25 MeV. However, the problem with these radiation sources is
that there is a continuous decay ( and half-life of Cobalt-60 is 5.26 years).
This work aims to evaluate the effect of this decay and then to determine some
mechanism to calculate the radiation dose after incorporating that decay
effect.
The
Cobalt-60 tele-therapy units are installed in many hospitals of Pakistan Atomic
Energy Commission. In this project, the commissioning data will be obtained
from Bahawalpur Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Oncology (BINO),
Bahawalpur, and from any other cancer hospital if needed. The data will later
be analyzed with various software’s, and the some conclusion will ultimately be
made.
Expected
Outcome
Once the
effect of decay on the treatment is known, it will be helpful to modify the
dose calculations, and hence will help to increase the accuracy of treatment.
The objective of radiotherapy treatment is always to deliver maximum dose to
the target volume, and to spare the surrounding normal tissues as much as
possible. The incorporation of these results, will aid to achieve the desired
dose distribution in target tumors and to achieve the true objectives of the
treatment.
Synopsis For M.Phil
Synopsis For M.Phil
Synopsis for M.Phil, format of synopsis, thesis format, synopsis format for Gomal University D.I Khan.
SYNOPSIS
FOR M-PHIL STUDIES ENTITLED
Modification in Dose Distribution for
Radiotherapy Treatment Planning
Research Proposal
|
Submitted
By
X.Y.Z
M. Phil
Scholar
Session
2014-18
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
GOMAL UNIVERSITY, D. I. KHAN
Modification in Dose Distribution for
Radiotherapy Treatment Planning
Synopsis of proposed thesis research submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M. Phil.
Submitted
By
X.Y.Z
Approved by the Supervisory Committee
(Name
and signature)
1. Prof. Dr. A.B.C Supervisor/Chairperson
----------------------------
2. Prof. Dr. X.Y.Z Co-Supervisor
---------------------------------------
Islamia University Bahawalpur
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Aims and Objective
4. Sample
5. Methodology
6. Materials
7. Significance
8. References
1. Introduction
Radiation therapy is used for cancer treatment by using high doses of radiation to
kill cancer cells and stop them from spreading. At low doses, radiation is used
as an x-ray to see inside your body and take pictures, such as x-rays of your
teeth or broken bones. Radiation used in cancer treatment works in much the
same way, except that it is given at higher doses.
Radiation therapy can be external
or internal. Sometimes people
get both forms of radiation therapy [1].
Many people with cancer need
radiation therapy. In fact, more than half of people with cancer get radiation
therapy. Sometimes, radiation therapy is the only kind of cancer treatment
people need.
External beam radiation therapy utilizes a
linear accelerator to direct highenergy photons andelectrons at the cancer. To
minimize side effects, the treatmentsare usually given on week days for a
specific number of weeks which are calculated by the radiationoncologist,
physicist, and dosimetrist.
Using treatment planning software, the
treatment team controls the size and shape of the beam and how it is aimed at
the patient’s body, to effectively treat the tumorwhile avoiding the
surrounding normal tissue. Several types of external beam therapy have been
discussed. The radiation oncologist will recommend one of thesetreatments if it
is medically indicated and suitable for patients care.
2. Literature Review
3. Aims and Objective
4. Sample
Statement
of Problem:
To
effectively evaluate and implement treatment plans, accurate calculation of
radiation dose distribution in three dimensions using 3-dimensional anatomic
information is essential [39].
Radiation therapy treatment always focuses to shape the three dimensional dose
distribution capable to compactly surround the tumor volume. This implies that
the requirements for the spatial accuracy of the relationship between dose and
volumes of interest are steadily increasing. The complex anatomy of the patient
and the complex shape and intensity distribution of the beam in target volume,
make this task not easy to accomplish. Advancement in Radiation therapy
treatment and treatment planning leads to provide best possible outcome, but
this can only be possible if there is fast and accurate dose calculation engine
available. This calculation system is very important component of the treatment
planning system.
5. Methodology
The
Radiotherapy Machines, such as linear accelerator , and their related Treatment
Planing Systems, will be used in ShaukatKhanum Cancer Hospital & Research
Center Lahore. The three dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity
modulated radiation therapy, and image guided radiation therapy , treatment
plans will be made and evaluated. Various degress of freedom will be utilized
to achieve the best possible dose distribution, and resultantly for the best
possible treatment outcome.
6. Materials
7. Significance
Expected
Outcome:
The
evaluation of treatment plans will help to achieve the optimum and best
possible treatment option for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. The dose
distribution calculation systems will be analyzed and comparative analysis will
help to select most appropriate set of parameters.
8. References
Halperin EC, Perez CA, Brady LW (Eds). Principles and Practice of Radiation
Oncology, Fifth Ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
[2]. Mundt
AJ, Roeske JC, Chung TD, Weichselbaum RR. Radiation oncology. In: Kufe DW, Bast
RC, Hait WN, et al, eds. Cancer Medicine. 7th ed. Hamilton, Ontario. BC: Decker
Inc; 2006:517-536.
[3]. Halperin EC.
Particle therapy and treatment of cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:676-685.
[4]. Principles of
Radiation Therapy Michael J. Gazda, MS, and Lawrence R. Coia, MD
[5]. American
Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
(Online: http://www.astro.org)
[6]. American
Cancer Society
(Online: http://www.cancer.org)
[7]. National Cancer
Institute. FactSheet: Radiation Therapy for Cancer. Accessed at
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/radiation.
[8]. INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION,
Medical Electrical
Equipment: Particular Requirements for the
Safety of Electron Accelerators in the
Range 1 MeV to 50 MeV, Rep. 60601-2-1, IEC,
Geneva (1998).
[9]. KARZMARK, C.J., NUNAN, C.S., TANABE, E.,
Medical Electron Accelerators,
McGraw-Hill, New York (1993).
[10]. GREENE, D., WILLIAMS, P.C., Linear
Accelerators for Radiation Therapy, Institute
of Physics Publishing, Bristol (1997).
[11]. PODGORSAK, E.B., METCALFE, P., VAN DYK, J., “Medical
accelerators”, The
Modern Technology in Radiation
Oncology: A Compendium for Medical Physicists and Radiation Oncologists (VAN
DYK, J., Ed.), Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, WI (1999) 349–435.
[12]. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS IN
MEDICINE, Medical accelerator
safety considerations: Report of AAPM Radiation
Therapy Committee Task Group
No. 35, Med. Phys. 20 (1993) 1261–1275.
[13]. J. Rosenman, E. L. Chaney, S. Sailer, G. W. Sherouse, and J. E.
Tepper, "Recent advances in radiotherapy treatment planning," Cancer
Invest, vol. 9, pp. 465-81, 1991.
[14]. “Development and Implementation of Conformal Radiotherapy in the
United Kingdom”, The Royal College of Radiologists, London; RCP Ref BFCO (02)2;
June 2002.
[15]. F.M. Khan . “Physics of Radiation Therapy”. Lippincott, Williams
& Wilkins, USA, 2003.
[16]. Computerized Treatment Planning Systems For External Photon Beam
Radiotherapy by M.D.C. EVANS ,Department of Medical Physics,McGill University
Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,2005
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